When you formed your business, you probably weighed liability protection, management flexibility, and ease of administration. What many business owners don’t fully anticipate is how their entity structure affects how they’re personally taxed on the income the business generates. A recent federal appellate ruling has put that issue squarely in the spotlight, and it raises questions every North Carolina business owner should be asking.
What Is the Self-Employment Tax Issue Affecting Business Owners Right Now?
For decades, a provision of federal tax law has allowed limited partners to exclude their share of partnership income from self-employment taxes, on the theory that passive investors shouldn’t pay into Social Security and Medicare on investment returns. Beginning in 2018, the IRS challenged that logic, arguing that actively involved owners shouldn’t qualify for the exclusion just because of how they’re labeled on paper. The U.S. Tax Court agreed and began applying a test that looked past an owner’s formal classification to examine their actual role in the business.
In Sirius Solutions, L.L.L.P. v. Commissioner, No. 24-60240 (5th Cir. 2026), , the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the IRS’s “functional analysis” test and their position that the exclusion under Section 1402(a)(13) of the Self-Employment Contributions Act applies only to “passive investors.” In a ruling favoring a Texas-based consulting firm, the court held that limited liability status under state law is what defines a limited partner for self-employment tax purposes. The court relied on historical Internal Revenue Service and Social Security Administration guidance, coupled with the Supreme Court’s 2024 Loper Bright decision, which now limits how much deference courts must give to federal agency interpretations of statutes.
Does This Ruling Apply to Business Owners in North Carolina?
Not directly, at least not yet. The Fifth Circuit covers Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Businesses elsewhere, including North Carolina, are not automatically covered by the ruling. The Fourth Circuit, which governs North Carolina, has not weighed in, and the issue remains unsettled nationally. Until courts reach broader consensus or Congress acts to clarify the law, business owners in our region continue to face uncertainty, but this is an area of law Wilson Ratledge will be watching.
Why Does Entity Structure Matter More Than Many Business Owners Realize?
Corporations, LLCs, and limited partnerships each carry meaningfully different implications for how owner income flows and how employment taxes apply. The right structure for a given business depends on factors specific to that business, and the analysis is rarely straightforward. This ruling is a reminder that entity selection isn’t a one-time decision you make at formation and set aside. The legal environment continues to evolve, and a structure that made sense when you launched your company may look different as courts and regulators revisit key questions.
Restructuring is possible, but it comes with its own legal considerations and potential risks. These are not decisions to make based on general information alone.
How Can Wilson Ratledge Help Raleigh Business Owners Navigate Entity and Structuring Questions?
At Wilson Ratledge, PLLC, our attorneys have extensive experience advising business owners across the Triangle on business formation, corporate governance, and entity structuring matters. We work with entrepreneurs and established companies to evaluate whether their current structure continues to serve their goals and to identify legal risks before they become expensive problems.
If you’re forming a new business or wondering whether your existing structure still makes sense given ongoing legal developments, the right time to raise those questions is before making changes, not after. Proactive counsel is far more effective than trying to correct a problem once it has already cost you.
Contact our team to schedule a consultation with a Wilson Ratledge business attorney.