Raleigh Estate Planning and Corporate Law Attorneys

Estates and Trusts

How Does Estate Recovery Work?

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At least once a week, I have a Client that will ask about Medicaid’s Estate Recovery Program.  Admittedly, they don’t use those words.  It’s more commonly phrased in the way in which they’ve heard about it: the government selling the house or taking everything you’ve got.  This generalization isn’t necessarily incorrect, but it oversimplifies the issue.  Hopefully this post will provide some clarification.

Estate recovery is the law, and it’s codified in the North Carolina General Statutes in Chapter 108A.  A link to the statute is here.  What the statute says in simpler terms is that anyone who receives one of six types of medical care that is paid for by the North Carolina Medicaid Program will open themselves up to a claim being filed by the Program to recover the amount paid for those services on behalf of the individual.  This includes nursing home services and home and community-based services.

So how does this work in practice?  Once a person is approved for and begins receiving medical assistance that is paid for, in part, by the North Carolina Medicaid Program, they start running up a tab with the Program.  The program tracks expenditures made on behalf of the individual, and when the person receiving services dies, a letter is sent to the recipient or person responsible for the recipient that basically says “you were made aware that estate recovery was a possibility when you applied for services. Since you have passed away, your estate may be subject to estate recovery.”  That letter will also normally set out the amount paid on behalf of the recipient, and what the State believes is in the estate of the recipient.  This letter is not the actual claim, however.  The actual claim will follow, and will include a copy of the tab the recipient ran up during their time in care.

Now, there are a few key points to remember.

  1. If the deceased recipient’s estate has a value of less than $5,000.00, the State will waive its right to estate recovery.
  2. If the recipient’s tab is less than $5,000.00, the State will waive its right to estate recovery.
  3. If the recipient is survived by a spouse, a disabled child of any age, or a child under the age of 21, the State will waive its right to estate recovery.

If any of these situations applies, you do not need to be concerned about estate recovery.  It is important to send a response to the State, however, outlining why they should waive their claim if the reason is either 1 or 3 above.

If one of these exemptions does not apply, you will face an estate recovery claim that will have to be satisfied.  I will outline the process for satisfying those debts in a later post, but the final important point to remember about estate recovery is this: the state cannot get any more out of your estate than it paid on your behalf.  So if your home sells for $300,000 after your death, and the State paid $50,000 on your behalf for medical services, the State is only entitled to $50,000 — not the full amount.

So back to that oversimplification: the state will take your house, or the state will take everything you have.  The State will not take your house.  The State’s claim will likely result in it being sold (depending on the decision of your Executor — which will be discussed in my next post), but it cannot take the full amount of sale proceeds unless the sales price is only equal to or is less than the amount it paid on your behalf.

There are ways to avoid estate recovery completely with proper planning.  Call our office today and set up a time to discuss your options if you’re facing a long-term care situation.

Medicaid Estate Recovery Claim Filed – Now What?

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What is the process when Medicaid Estate Recovery claim can’t be or isn’t waived? Once it is determined the claim can’t be waived, the estate of the deceased Medicaid recipient has a claim against it that the State of North Carolina would like to have satisfied.

However, just because they have a valid claim doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s going to get paid.  The same could be said of any claim made against an estate.  In order for claims to be paid, there must be assets in the estate with which to satisfy said claims.  No assets in the deceased recipient’s estate?  Then most likely, Medicaid (and any other creditor) won’t get paid back.

Let’s look at the process, but let me start by making an important point: estate recovery liability does not, in North Carolina, extend beyond the Medicaid recipient.  If your husband, mother, father, brother, or best friend was receiving Medicaid, and you are named as executor of their estate or get appointed as administrator, and you get an estate recovery notice, do not panic.  Medicaid will not be coming after you personally.  They are only coming after the estate.  Your job is to just make sure things get done correctly.

So what happens?  The deceased person’s estate is opened , and the executor or administrator takes stock of what the person owned.  If they were receiving Medicaid, chances are they didn’t own much, and if they owned anything of significant value, it was most likely real property.  Real property that passes to heirs by virtue of either a will or intestacy is considered part of a person’s estate, and can be claimed by creditors for payment of debts.  However, because of the way the law treats real property upon death, it must be “reclaimed” (for lack of a better term) by the estate to be sold to satisfy those claims.

The executor or administrator would therefore be responsible for filing the proper petitions and paperwork for reclaiming the real property so that it can be sold.  Once this process is complete, the real property is sold, the proceeds from the sale are added to the estate, and debts can be satisfied.

Quick example: Bob received Long Term Care Medicaid Assistance for three years prior to his death.  He is a widower, and his will names his two children, Lauren and William, as beneficiaries.  Lauren is the Executrix.  Bob passes away, and Lauren opens her father’s estate.  Her father’s estate consists solely of his home, valued at $125,000.00.  Not long after opening the estate, Lauren receives an Estate Recovery Claim in the amount of $70,000.00.  Her father also has a credit card bill totaling $12,000.00.

Lauren realizes she has $82,000.00 in debts that must be paid, and the only asset with which to pay those debts is the home.  Lauren hires an attorney, who files the necessary paperwork and follows the necessary process to reclaim her father’s home for the estate.  This means that the home, which was supposed to go to Lauren and William, no longer belongs to them, but rather belongs to the estate.

At this point, Lauren hires a realtor who lists the home for sale.  After a month or so, Lauren receives a couple of offers, the highest of which is for $80,000.00.  Lauren, on the advice of the realtor, accepts the offer.  The offer is approved by the court, and the sale takes place, meaning that Bob’s estate now has $80,000.00 in cash with which to pay debts.  As you can see, this isn’t enough money to pay both debts.  So what must Lauren do?

North Carolina’s General Statutes outline how debts are to be satisfied in situations where there isn’t enough money to pay them all in full (that statute can be found here).  I will try and cover priority in a later post, but under the law, the Estate Recovery Claim has priority over the unsecured claim of the credit card company.  When a claim has priority, it gets satisfied in full (if there are enough funds to fully satisfy it) before the claims over which it has priority get satisfied.

In this case, Medicaid’s Estate Recovery Claim would be satisfied in full, and the credit card company would receive the remaining $10,000.00.  The credit card company must take this amount in satisfaction of its claim in full — it has no other recourse.

There are ways to avoid the inclusion of real property in a decedent’s estate, even after a person has qualified for Medicaid.  Additionally, there are details related to the probate process that I either glossed over or skipped in the interest of making the post as brief as possible.  As always, consult with an attorney (like me!) if you are facing any of these situations.

 

How Does Estate Recovery Work?

At least once a week, I have a Client that will ask about Medicaid’s Estate Recovery Program.  Admittedly, they don’t use those words.  It’s more commonly phrased in the way in which they’ve heard about it: the government selling the house or taking everything you’ve got.  This generalization isn’t necessarily incorrect, but it oversimplifies the issue.  Hopefully this post will provide some clarification.

Estate recovery is the law, and it’s codified in the North Carolina General Statutes in Chapter 108A.  A link to the statute is here.  What the statute says in simpler terms is that anyone who receives one of six types of medical care that is paid for by the North Carolina Medicaid Program will open themselves up to a claim being filed by the Program to recover the amount paid for those services on behalf of the individual.  This includes nursing home services and home and community-based services.

So how does this work in practice?  Once a person is approved for and begins receiving medical assistance that is paid for, in part, by the North Carolina Medicaid Program, they start running up a tab with the Program.  The program tracks expenditures made on behalf of the individual, and when the person receiving services dies, a letter is sent to the recipient or person responsible for the recipient that basically says “you were made aware that estate recovery was a possibility when you applied for services. Since you have passed away, your estate may be subject to estate recovery.”  That letter will also normally set out the amount paid on behalf of the recipient, and what the State believes is in the estate of the recipient.  This letter is not the actual claim, however.  The actual claim will follow, and will include a copy of the tab the recipient ran up during their time in care.

Now, there are a few key points to remember.

  1. If the deceased recipient’s estate has a value of less than $5,000.00, the State will waive its right to estate recovery.
  2. If the recipient’s tab is less than $5,000.00, the State will waive its right to estate recovery.
  3. If the recipient is survived by a spouse, a disabled child of any age, or a child under the age of 21, the State will waive its right to estate recovery.

If any of these situations applies, you do not need to be concerned about estate recovery.  It is important to send a response to the State, however, outlining why they should waive their claim if the reason is either 1 or 3 above.

If one of these exemptions does not apply, you will face an estate recovery claim that will have to be satisfied.  I will outline the process for satisfying those debts in a later post, but the final important point to remember about estate recovery is this: the state cannot get any more out of your estate than it paid on your behalf.  So if your home sells for $300,000 after your death, and the State paid $50,000 on your behalf for medical services, the State is only entitled to $50,000 — not the full amount.

So back to that oversimplification: the state will take your house, or the state will take everything you have.  The State will not take your house.  The State’s claim will likely result in it being sold (depending on the decision of your Executor — which will be discussed in my next post), but it cannot take the full amount of sale proceeds unless the sales price is only equal to or is less than the amount it paid on your behalf.

There are ways to avoid estate recovery completely with proper planning.  Call our office today and set up a time to discuss your options if you’re facing a long-term care situation.

What is a “Year’s Allowance”?

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One of the really helpful estate administration forms that folks may not know about is what’s called a “Year’s Allowance”.

The “Year’s Allowance” form is something we use a lot when it comes to dealing with the estate of a spouse who has died and left a widow or widower.  In situations where the couple had most of their assets set up jointly or had named each other as beneficiary, there often is very little that needs to be transferred from the deceased spouse to the surviving spouse.  Most often, it’s things like vehicles or small checks made payable to the deceased spouse as reimbursement for insurance premiums.

The Year’s Allowance allows for the assignment of up to $30,000.00 in personal property (vehicles, money, etc.) from the deceased spouse to their surviving spouse, without having to go through probate.  To the extent that the value of the property in the name of the deceased spouse is $30,000.00 or less, it can be transferred to the surviving spouse by simply completing one form and having it certified by the Clerk of Court in your county.

An example: Joan dies in 2014, leaving her husband, Bill.  Joan had an IRA, of which Bill was the named beneficiary.  Joan and Bill had a checking and savings account, of which they were joint owners.  Joan had a 2010 Honda Accord (worth $12,000.00) that she owned solely.  Their home was owned as tenants by the entirety.

When Joan died, Bill was left wondering what would need to be done from a probate standpoint to transfer Joan’s assets to him.  Fortunately for Bill, out of all the things listed above, he only needs to worry about the 2010 Accord.  The IRA has Bill listed as beneficiary, meaning he need only file a death claim with the company managing the IRA.  The jointly-owned checking and savings accounts can be closed by Bill and reopened in his name alone without any legal authority.  Joan’s interest in the home automatically transferred to Bill upon Joan’s death because they owned it as tenants by the entirety.  The only thing that Bill can’t transfer without legal authority is the car.

Bill would simply fill out the Year’s Allowance form, sign it and have his signature notarized, and take it, along with Joan’s death certificate and her original will (if she had one) to the Clerk of Court.  (There is a fee associated with the Year’s Allowance — currently it is $8.00 — so Bill needs cash as well).  Once there, the Clerk will review the documentation, and assuming everything is complete, he or she will sign it, place a raised seal on it, and hand it back to Bill.

From there, Bill would take the certified Year’s Allowance, along with the title to the Accord, to the DMV, present both, and ask that title be transferred to him.

What this means is that Bill has completed the administration of his Wife’s estate with one form.

Behold, the magic of the Year’s Allowance!

Does a Will have to be Recorded?

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I’m trying to dedicate a decent amount of this blog to common questions that our Clients have when they meet with us, since they are likely questions many folks have.  One of those questions relates to “recording the will” and often comes in one of these forms:

“Are you going to record the will?”

“Mom [who is alive] has a will, but it was recorded by the lawyer that did it.”

“Do I have to record the will with the Register of Deeds?”

A will does not have to be “recorded” to be valid while a person is living.  The only time a will needs to be “recorded” is following the death of the person that created the will, at which point the Will may need to be filed with the Clerk to start the probate process.  Until that time, however, provided that the will was properly executed and witnessed, the original will simply needs to be kept in a safe place.

Folks that talk about wills being recorded aren’t incorrect, however.  The Clerk of Superior Court in each county has a depository for original wills.  For a small fee, any person may take their original will to the Clerk, and ask that it be deposited with the Clerk for safekeeping.  If this has been done, the Clerk will give the person depositing a will a receipt in exchange for the will.  That receipt will outline whose will has been deposited, the date on which it was deposited, and the County where it was deposited.  Under the statute, once the will has been deposited, the only people that may access it while the person who created the will (the “Testator”) is living are the Testator, their duly-authorized agent, or their attorney.  This isn’t technically “recording” the Will, but it is deposited somewhere

Some attorneys may do this as a matter of course.  Clients are always free to do this as well.  I normally advise clients that it is available, but is not required.  So, to answer the question, “does a will have to be recorded”, the answer is “it depends.”

Celebrity Estate Planning

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Articles detailing the “failings” of celebrity estate plans are some of the more common “click-baitish” news items you’ll see related to estate planning.  The one I saw today related to Lou Reed, his 34-page will, and the fact that he should have done a revocable trust.  The article can be found here.

I bring this up for a few reasons:

  1. (shamless plug) I welcome all celebrities that would like me to handle their estate planning. (/shameless plug)
  2. Revocable trusts are amazing and affordable estate planning tools.  Admittedly, any revocable trust drafted for the estate of someone like Lou Reed wouldn’t be run of the mill, and would likely have made his 34-page will look like a blog post, but the importance of one can’t really be overstated.  If you have an estate that you’d like to keep private, or have real property in multiple states, or would like to provide for family members (like Mr. Reed wanted to provide for his elderly mother), a revocable trust can make the administration of your estate much easier.  BUT:
  3. Just because someone does a will instead of a trust doesn’t mean their estate plan is bad, or incomplete.  It is quite possible that Mr. Reed sat down with his estate planning attorney, and the attorney began discussing trusts, and Mr. Reed threw up his hands and said “I’m not interested in trusts — I just want to do a will.”  To which the attorney most likely protested, but at the end of the day, it’s the client’s decision.  And if Lou Reed only wanted a will, that’s the end of it.  It’s much better than doing nothing at all and leaving it to the laws of the State of New York.  His wishes were met through the will.  Was it the cleanest or best method?  Not in my opinion.  But just because you don’t do a trust doesn’t mean your estate planning was awful.  The key is having a plan, and that’s something we can help with.

Could competency litigation affect you?

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With the increase in lifespan and general health, we are also seeing an increase in the amount of competency lawsuits filed by nervous heirs. Generally, if a challenge arises to wills or trusts, it happens after the death of a person. However, as lifespans trend upwards, family members and others are looking to lock in their inheritances prior to death.

Recently, this has started to play out in the case of Sumner Redstone, the 92 year old controlling shareholder of Viacom and CBS. After he removed his longtime companion, Manuela Herzer, as his healthcare agent and kicked her out of his mansion, she sued to challenge his competency and the two are currently in settlement talks.

Dementia is the underlying driver in many of the cases, with over 5.3 million Americans over 65 living with the disease. That number is expected to rise in upcoming years, according to the Alzheimer’s Association.

Assessing someone’s competency in court is still a very inexact science, as there are a number of complex laws and inconsistent standards that courts are forced to wrangle with. While no uniform test exists, courts have used such tests as asking patients to count backwards from 100 by sevens, draw a clock showing a certain time, and name as many words as possible starting with a certain letter in the past.

Planning ahead and having good representation in the formation and defense of your estate and trust matters is a big first step in making sure you and your legacy are protected. If we can help, call our office today at 919-787-7711 or fill out the form on the side of this page to speak with one of our attorneys.